Maria Pace Ottieri, ll Vesuvio universale, Einaudi, 2018
\nOgni eruzione ha una personalità propria, a ogni sua manifestazione il Vesuvio sferra un colpo da maestro ogni volta diverso: vomita da bocche di fuoco torrenti di lave, avviluppa la campagna e il mare in una nuvola scura, si corona di un pennacchio di fiamme che si alza nel cielo in una colonna di decine di chilometri, provoca furibondi temporali e piogge torrenziali che si addensano in micidiali colate di fango, manda le sue ceneri fino in Africa e nel Medio Oriente.
\nNei secoli cambia forma e altezza, colore e spirito durante il giorno, ora affiora ciò che ha di mitico, il lago di lava che coronava il Vesuvio fu a lungo creduto l'occhio incandescente del Ciclope, ora prevale l'aspetto di montagna provvida e protettiva.
\nLa reazione all'eruzione del 18 marzo 1944 fu composta, razionale, condivisa. Le persone si proteggevano con materassi, coperte, pentole sulla testa, due giorni dopo la prima esplosione si aiutavano a spalare la cenere dai tetti e all'inizio di maggio i contadini piantavano fiduciosi cavoli e lattughe.
\nDa allora gli abitanti di quella che è oggi considerata «Zona rossa» sono triplicati, da duecentomila a settecentomila. Nel Piano d'emergenza messo a punto dalle autorità italiane nel 1995 e modificato l'ultima volta nel 2016, sono inclusi i venticinque comuni a ridosso del vulcano esposti ai cosiddetti flussi piroclastici, colate di pomici, ciottoli porosi, pesanti più o meno come una pallina da ping-pong, e lapilli come sassi densi e duri che precipiterebbero a valle a una velocità di 145 chilometri all'ora. [pp.10-11]
\nNel 1944, durante l'ultima eruzione del Vesuvio, pochi mesi dopo che la città di Napoli fu liberata, proprio a Terzigno gli Alleati persero in un giorno una ottantina di bombardieri B-25 Mitchell, sommersi da strati di cenere rovente cosí alta da bruciare le superfici delle ali, sciogliere il Plexiglas e spezzare alcune code per il peso dei detriti accumulatisi. Erano allineati su una pista d'atterraggio dell'aeroporto temporaneo costruito tra Terzigno e Poggiomarino su una spianata di roccia vulcanica che permetteva di essere utilizzata anche dopo forti piogge.
\nIl pomeriggio del 18 marzo del 1944, dopo trentotto anni, un infinitesimo di secondo nella sua vita, il Vesuvio si sveglia lanciando in aria una raffica di pomici e di scorie. Quattro giorni dopo, il 22 marzo, innalza il suo torvo pennacchio, alto cinque chilometri, la colata principale scende verso nord-ovest, lungo i fianchi del cratere del monte Somma e lentamente punta i paesi di Massa di Somma e San Sebastiano. Intorno la terra trema, la pioggia di cenere e lapilli tinge il cielo di viola, il fumo rende l'aria irrespirabile, si soffoca.
\nIl direttore dell'Osservatorio, Giuseppe Imbò, asserragliato con il suo sismografo nell'unica stanza concessagli dai militari americani che occupano l'Osservatorio, nei giorni precedenti all'eruzione ha notato un tremore continuo dovuto al movimento del magma nel condotto vulcanico e una serie di piccoli terremoti provocati dalla frattura delle rocce del condotto e del conetto di scorie dentro il cratere. Il 13 marzo il conetto crolla, Imbò capisce che l'eruzione è vicina.
\nA piedi si reca a Ercolano e a Napoli ad avvisare. Le autorità non lo prendono sul serio, così come gli ufficiali americani quando li mette in guardia dal pericolo imminente di caduta di lapilli sul campo d'aviazione di Terzigno. Un capitano gli dà i due litri di alcol che il direttore dell'Osservatorio chiede gli serviranno per far funzionare il sismografo e registrare i preziosi dati dell’eruzione.
\nI militari se ne accorgeranno solo molti giorni piú tardi, quando, all'alba del 22 marzo, dal cono principale milioni di tonnellate di lapilli spinti dal vento si abbatteranno sulle campagne.
\n«Cominciammo a sentire la terra tremare come se fosse scoppiata una bomba», scrive sul suo diario Dana Craig, attendente del 486° squadrone. «Dopo ogni tremito passava qualche minuto prima che i detriti espulsi dal cratere toccassero terra. Con la luce del giorno, il retro del nostro alloggio cominciò a cedere e vedemmo venir giú rocce sempre piú grandi. A quel punto ci mettemmo tutti gli elmetti di acciaio e pesanti giacche di montone per proteggerci. Non ricordo proprio di aver fatto colazione quella mattina, presto ci caricarono sui camion per evacuarci a Napoli».
\nPer i soldati americani quello spettacolo inaspettato è eccitante, una distrazione dalla guerra che si è allentata ma non è finita, a Cassino si combatte e si muore ancora. [pp.64-65]
\nIl Vesuvio cambia profilo a ogni fermata. A Ercolano comincia a perdere le gobbe, a Torre del Greco il Somma si appiattisce e il Vesuvio distende il suo largo petto di montagna solitaria e possente, l'orlo del cratere è sfrangiato. Dalla stazione Leopardi è scivolato alle tue spalle, a Trecase rispunta una lieve gobba sulla destra, a Torre Annunziata ti riaccompagna per un tratto, nella benevola forma di cappello di carabiniere, per poi arretrare, stare a retro. Ti segue, si muove con te, come se fossi tu a muoverlo con una lunga bacchetta. [p.247]
\nIl 18 marzo 1944 il Vesuvio dà inizio alla sua ultima grande eruzione, dapprima effusiva e poi esplosiva, della durata di circa dieci giorni. Dal vulcano si leva al cielo una colonna di cenere di oltre cinque chilometri. Nella memoria collettiva però, è soppiantata dai ricordi bellici: siamo nel pieno della Seconda Guerra Mondiale sono i giorni in cui i bombardieri americani B25 Mitchell dell'operazione Strangle si alzano in volo per andare a colpire le truppe naziste intorno a Monte Cassino.
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\nIl processo, iniziato 10 milioni di anni fa, contemporaneamente alla costruzione dei rilievi montuosi della catena appenninica, è dovuto allo scorrimento della placca africana sotto quella euroasiatica e alla conseguente formazione di aree caratterizzate da vulcanismo. È infatti in queste aree che, all’interno della terra, si realizzano le condizioni per la formazione dei magmi e per il loro trasporto verso la superficie.
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\n\n","value":"Il vulcanismo in Italia deve la sua origine ad un ampio processo geologico che ha interessato tutta l’area mediterranea, legato alla convergenza tra la placca tettonica eurasiatica e quella africana.
\r\n\r\nIl processo, iniziato 10 milioni di anni fa, contemporaneamente alla costruzione dei rilievi montuosi della catena appenninica, è dovuto allo scorrimento della placca africana sotto quella euroasiatica e alla conseguente formazione di aree caratterizzate da vulcanismo. È infatti in queste aree che, all’interno della terra, si realizzano le condizioni per la formazione dei magmi e per il loro trasporto verso la superficie.
\r\n\r\nSebbene meno frequenti e devastanti dei terremoti, le eruzioni vulcaniche rappresentano un forte rischio per le zone densamente popolate del territorio italiano.
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